Objective: Active and Passive smoking lead to the production of a number of oxidants and antioxidants with various adverse health effects compromising the immune system. Tobacco use increases the production of free radicals as well. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Passive smoking on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of serum and saliva in rats.Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 18 rats with an age range of 7-11 weeks weighing 160-200 g; 9 of them were exposed to cigarette smoke 3 times daily for 8 minutes. The 9 controls were not exposed to cigarette smoke. After injection of 0.2 mg/kg midazolam and 0.5 mg/kg pilocarpine, serum and saliva samples were taken from subjects in the exposure and control groups at 0, 15 and 30 days. Serum cotinine was measured using ELISA kit. TAC of saliva and serum was measured using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. TAC values at different time points were statistically analyzed in each group using Repeated Measures ANOVA and compared between the two groups using t-test.Results: At baseline, no significant difference existed between the two groups in terms of serum cotinine concentration but at days 15 and 30, cotinine serum concentration significantly increased in the exposure group. At baseline and 30 days, no significant difference existed between the two groups of Passive smoker and non-smoker in terms of serum TAC values but at day 15, serum TAC values were significantly higher in the exposure group. Also, TAC of salivawas significantly higher in the Passive smoker group at baseline and at day 15 but at day 30, the difference in this respect between the two groups was not statistically significant.Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, changes in TAC of serum and saliva in rats due to exposure to cigarette smoke were compensated by their immune system activity. However, further investigations are still required in this respect.

Directed Acyclic Graphs stand as one of the prevailing approaches for representing causal relationships within a set of variables. With observational or interventional data, certain undirected edges within a causal DAG can be oriented. Performing intervention can be done in two different Settings, Passive and active. Here, we prove that an optimal intervention set can be obtained based on the minimum vertex cover of a graph. We propose an algorithm that efficiently identifies such an optimal intervention set for chordal graphs within polynomial time. Performing intervention on this optimal set recovers all the undirected edges in graph G, regardless of the underlying ground truth DAG. Furthermore, we present an algorithm for evaluating the performance of Passive algorithms. This evaluation provides insights into how many intervention steps of a specific algorithm are required to recover all edges in the causal graph for any possible underlying ground truth in the equivalence class. Experimental findings underscore that the number of nodes in the optimal intervention set increases with growing the number of nodes in a graph, where the edge density is fixed, and also increases with the rising edge density in a graph with a fixed number of nodes.

Directed Acyclic Graphs stand as one of the prevailing approaches for representing causal relationships within a set of variables. With observational or interventional data, certain undirected edges within a causal DAG can be oriented. Performing intervention can be done in two different Settings, Passive and active. Here, we prove that an optimal intervention set can be obtained based on the minimum vertex cover of a graph. We propose an algorithm that efficiently identifies such an optimal intervention set for chordal graphs within polynomial time. Performing intervention on this optimal set recovers all the undirected edges in graph G, regardless of the underlying ground truth DAG. Furthermore, we present an algorithm for evaluating the performance of Passive algorithms. This evaluation provides insights into how many intervention steps of a specific algorithm are required to recover all edges in the causal graph for any possible underlying ground truth in the equivalence class. Experimental findings underscore that the number of nodes in the optimal intervention set increases with growing the number of nodes in a graph, where the edge density is fixed, and also increases with the rising edge density in a graph with a fixed number of nodes.

Dynamically stable biped robots mimicking human locomotion have received significant attention over the lastfew decades. Formerly, the existence of stable periodic gaits for straight walking of Passive biped walkers waswell known and investigated as the notion of Passive dynamic walking. This study is aimed to elaborate thisnotion in the case of three dimensional (3D) walking and extend it for other maneuvers, specifically curvedwalking or turning. For this purpose, the motion of a general 3D compass gait model on a ramp has been analyzedtheoretically in detail. A comprehensive dynamic modeling with respect to the vertical fixed frame is used basedon Lagrangian and augmented methods. In addition to 3D Passive straight walking, the results confirm theexistence of some Passive turning motions for the biped walker towards the steepest decent of the ramp. It wasshown that the value of Passive turning is strictly concerned to the value of initial perturbed condition of thewalker, especially to the value of heading angle. A parameter analysis was also accompanied to examine thechange in the characteristics of such Passive motions caused by the change in model parameters.

Background and Objectve: Throat infections such as tonsilitis and pharyngitis in children can lead to absence from school, deferment from class, imposing treatment cost, and increasing the use of antibiotics. In addition to decreased mucosal salivary and mucosal immunity, smoking has harmful effects on oral microflora and may lead to tonsilitis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of parents’ cigarette smoking on incidence of tonsillectomy in children referred to Kashani Hospital in Shahrekord during the period of 2017-2018. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on children with tonsillitis who referred to ENT department of Rasool and Imam Ali Clinic Shahrekord Medical University. Eighty children aged 3 to 12 years old with tonsillitis and tonsillectomy indications were included in the study. Children age, gender and surgery type as well as information about their mother and father cigarette smoking habits were recorded. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using chisquare and logistic regression. Results: from 80 children, 42. 5% were male and 57. 5% were female. The mean age of children was 7. 30± 2. 26 y. The cases of adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy were 66. 3, 32. 5 and 1. 3%, respectively. 2. 5% of mothers of children and 45% of fathers of these children had cigarette smoking. From smokers’ father, 52. 8% had cigarette smoking in outdoors and 47. 2% had cigarette smoking indoor. There was no significant relationship between the type of surgery and status and place of cigarette smoking by mothers and fathers. Conclusion: Although there was no significant relationship between incidence of parents' cigarette smoking and tonsillectomy, the prevalence of cigarette smoking was relatively high among fathers of these children.

In many countries, there is a growing interest in utilizing Passive and low energy systems tor heating and cooling of buildings. Electricity consumption associated with air conditioning systems in buildings, makes serious problems Such as nonrenewable resource dimination and environmental pollution.Based on the geographical location at Iran which is mostly located in a semi-arid climate, applying an evaporative cooling system could be a useful idea.This paper is concentrated on the performance at some Passive evaporative cooling systems.

A B S T R A C T Considering the location of vital centers in the heart of the cities, they are more affected by unexpected events. Hence, due to the probability of the loss of existing services and devastating effects on the social organization and the necessity to prepare essential needs of people and military agencies, planning and building the storage for essential items as a replacement for the damaged services are considered a critical factor in social and defensive reliability. This research tries to locate stockpile of essential Items in Mashhad by emphasizing Passive defense criteria and analyzing stockpiles of essential items in terms of form communicational structure. The type of research is applied, and the research method is in theoretical discussion and formulation of mental models, descriptive-analytical and information-gathering methods, documents, questionnaires, and interviews. Moreover, the information analysis method is with the IHWP model in GIS software in the locating section. In the section on examining architectural patterns and forms is content analysis. The research results show that 20.61 percent of Mashhad has an optimal location potential, and 0.94 percent of city also has a favorable potential for location. Also, parts of the north-east and south of the city have the priority for location. The types of spatial organization of the rectangular form, including centralized, four-armed, introverted, and diagonal, were investigated in the architecture department. The centralized form is preferable to other forms for its capacity and access to exits and spatial organization Extended Abstract Introduction As a stockpile of essential items to facilitate the process of activities and to achieve goals, the warehouse plays a vital role in creating this flexibility in organizations. In fact, from the point of view of crisis management, the stockpile of essential items can play a significant role in the supply chain to deal with unforeseen internal or external incidents. Passive defense in the stockpile of essential items refers to measures that do not require expensive and challenging methods and solutions to protect the stockpile of essential items. Furthermore, it can help avoid the substantial expenses of monitoring the entire inventory and increasing non-conformities (such as theft, fire, non-conformity in the inventory and management inspection, fatal accidents, etc.) or reduce this amount. Choosing the form of the stockpile of essential items for essential items with a Passive defense approach requires a comprehensive analysis based on defense principles such as hierarchical protection, nationwide coverage, dynamic protection, relative self-sufficiency, and minimum vulnerability. Therefore, in addition to placing this category of stockpile of essential items in Mashhad, the mentioned research also tries to establish a relationship between architectural forms and principles of defense to reduce vulnerability and improve the level of relief in times of crisis.   Methodology The current type of research is applied, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. In this research, 29 people were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with urban and Passive defense experts. The method of data analysis is quantitative and qualitative. Also, the content analysis method was used to compile and analyze the architectural forms of the stockpile of essential items of essential items compatible with the principles of Passive defense. The fuzzy quantitative model IHWP was exploited in GIS software for placing the stockpile of essential items in the studied sample.   Results and discussion Locating From the overlaying of 10 indicators, distance from the fault, height of buildings, distance from gas lines, distance from high voltage power lines, road width, building density, risk of uses, distance from water transmission lines, population density, and land prone to liquefaction, location in 10 class was conducted that the first and second priority is the north-east and south of Mashhad, which has the most favorable location. In Mashhad, 17.2% of the city area has a very low score, 12.8% low score, 48.37% medium score, 20.61% high score, and 0.94% very high score regarding location desirability.   Architecture According to the previous studies on geometric forms, the suitable form for warehouse design is a simple form that does not have frequent breaks and sharp and vague points to reduce the spatial deviation. Among the geometrical shapes, square and rectangular right-cornered shapes meet the criteria of warehouse design. In the meantime, the rectangle can define joints along its length, each of which is a focal point for concentrating activities and organizing their performance. Additionally, the internal spaces in this form are reasonably defined, which results in the building's overall form being overshadowed. This also makes the surrounding accesses more targeted and focused, ultimately providing more suitable relief during times of crisis. In order to create four types of stockpiles of essential items, A (centralized), B (four arms), C (introverted), and D (polar) were designed, and the way of combining these stockpiles of essential items was expressed and analyzed separately. The research results on accesses and circulation shows that type A covers a population of over 100,000 people, which has the best performance in terms of access to exits and spatial organization and provides services in times of crisis. Therefore, type A, due to the sequence of layers, lines, and expansion on the surface, has the most functional symmetry with the body of the warehouse, and its spatial projection is limited to adapt the shell to the body. Visually, it has the least visibility from a high height. Due to its volume and formal indicators, it has a high level of homogeneity and camouflage with its surrounding environment.   Conclusion The results of placing stockpiles of essential items in Mashhad showed that the northeast and south of the city have a higher talent for establishment. According to the examination of geometric forms, the rectangular form has the most efficiency for warehouse design in the architecture area. Due to formal capabilities such as the value of lines, angles, and proportions, it has the most efficiency in terms of performance, motion circulation, and the least spatial deviation. In order to research as mentioned above, after choosing the dominant form of the rectangle, an attempt has been made to analyze the spatial organization of the rectangular form using linear, combined, decomposition, and combination methods and centripetal and radial arrangements in terms of Passive defense principles. Furthermore, four different types of warehouse design were formally analyzed as patterns and representative types, which are four arms, centralized, introverted, and diagonal, each of which, in addition to functional capabilities, also covers the population's needs in crisis conditions. Finally, the concentrated type due to the extent of its successive lines and layers in close proximity to each other, the perceptibility of the surfaces of the body joints because it can be recognized from a high altitude in order not to be identified in times of crisis such as air raid, they have the highest degree of compatibility between function and form from the point of view of Passive defense.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific